Middle School Reading Spain God Gold Glory
Copyright National Humanities Heart, 2015
What arguments did Bartolome de Las Casas brand in favor of more humane treatment of Native Americans every bit he exposed the atrocities of the Spanish conquistadors in Hispaniola?
Understanding
Showtime contact experiences on Hispaniola included brutal interactions between the Spanish and the Native Americans. Conquistadors subjugated populations primarily to garner personal economic wealth, and Natives picayune understood the nature of the conquest. As early every bit 1522 Bartolome de Las Casas worked to denounce these activities on political, economic, moral, and religious grounds by chronicling the actions of the conquistadors for the Spanish court.
Text
Bartolome de Las Casas, A Cursory Account of the Destruction of the Indies.
Text Type
Volume extract, Literary nonfiction.
Text Complexity
Class 11-CCR complexity band.
For more information on text complication come across these resource from achievethecore.org.
In the Text Analysis department, Tier 2 vocabulary words are defined in popular-ups, and Tier 3 words are explained in brackets.
Click here for standards and skills for this lesson.
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Mutual Core Country Standards
- ELA-LITERACY.RI.eleven-12.1 (cite testify to analyze specifically and by inference)
- ELA-LITERACY.RI.11-12.6 (determine writer's point of view)
Advanced Placement US History
- Fundamental Concept one.ii (IIB) (Castilian colonial economies marshaled Native American labor…)
Instructor's Notation
Using excerpts from A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, published in 1552, students will explore in this lesson how Bartolome de Las Casas (1484–1566) argued for more humane treatment of Native Americans in the Spanish New World colonies. In the first extract students will look at the author's general clarification of the actions of the Spanish on Hispaniola, home to the Taino Indians. In the next three excerpts students volition investigate the Spanish presence in a specific Hispaniola kingdom, Magua. De Las Casas argued to the Castilian King that his agents, the conquistadors, were brutalizing native peoples and that those actions were destroying the Spanish too as the natives. A Brief Account details extremely graphic interactions between the Taino and the Castilian, but by strategic excerption this lesson works to temper the more sensational descriptions of atrocities while remaining true to the tone of the original text.
This lesson approaches American first contacts by reminding students that the exploration of the Americas involved brutal invasions with economic rather than religious objectives uppermost in the minds of the conquistadors. The New World inhabitants little understood the goals of the invaders and were not able to launch a successful defense.
The events related in this lesson occurred mainly during the reigns of Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452–1516) and Isabella I of Castile (1451–1504). Their marriage in 1469 marked the uniting of Spain through a joint reign, although both Aragon and Castile maintained contained political, economical and social identities. De Las Casas occasionally refers to the Castilian as "Castilian."
This lesson is divided into two parts, both accessible below. In addition to close reading questions, interactive exercises and an optional followup lesson back-trail the text. The teacher'southward guide includes a background note, the text analysis with responses to the close reading questions, access to the interactive exercises, and the follow-up consignment. The student's version, an interactive PDF, contains all of the above except the responses to the shut reading questions and the follow-up consignment.
Teacher's Guide (continues beneath)
| Student Version (click to open)
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Teacher'due south Guide
Background
Background Questions
- What kind of text are we dealing with?
- When was it written?
- Who wrote it?
- For what audience was it intended?
- For what purpose was it written?
In this lesson you will explore excerpts from one of the first written accounts of interactions between Castilian conquistadors and Native Americans. The start passage describes Hispaniola, the Caribbean island that today includes Haiti and the Dominican Republic. One of the islands explored during his first voyage in 1492, Columbus found there the cocky-sufficient Taino tribe, numbering upwards to 3 million people by some estimates. The post-obit passages detail interactions between Spanish conquistadors and the Taino.
Why did the Spanish land in Hispaniola? In brief, they explored for "God, Gold, and Glory." King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, known as the "Catholic Monarchs," sought to centralize Espana as a Catholic stronghold. Religious passions spread widely after Spain had driven Moors and Jews out of the Iberian Peninsula in 1492, and the Pope issued a decree in 1493 exhorting Kingdom of spain to spread the Cosmic faith into new lands. In addition, Pope Alexander VI granted to Spain whatsoever new world territory not already claimed by a Christian prince, and these newly discovered lands offered wide opportunities to catechumen to Christianity large numbers of "heathens."
In social club to understand the Spanish hunger for golden in the 16th century, i must recognize the Spanish treasure armada system. Spain at this time had a potent navy merely no real industry within the country, and and so she had to purchase all her appurtenances from other nations, making gilded and silver very important. To help fund their naval and colonial activities in the midst of competition with Portugal, the Spanish King and Queen financed Columbus's voyages to search for merchandise routes and fresh sources of gold and silver through new colonies. The New World gold and silverish mines became the largest source of precious metals in the world, and Spain passed laws that colonists could trade only with Castilian ships in order to keep the gold and silvery flowing through Espana. The large flow of treasure to Spain from the capture of the Aztecs (1517), the Incas (1534), and Mexico (1545) sharpened the ambition for gilt and silver in Hispaniola.
Columbus was soon followed by other explorers seeking celebrity for themselves as well as for Spain, including Bartolome de Las Casas (1484–1566), writer of this text. Las Casas knew Christopher Columbus — his father and blood brother went with Columbus on his second voyage, and Bartolome edited Columbus's travel journals. The Spanish King awarded de Las Casas and his family an encomienda, a plantation that included the slave labor of the Indians who lived on it, simply after witnessing the brutality of other Spanish explorers to the local tribes, Bartolome gave it up. He became a Dominican priest, spending the remainder of his life writing, speaking and encouraging the Christian conversion of the North American natives by peaceful rather than military ways. De Las Casas started a mission in Republic of guatemala and wrote several accounts, aimed at the king and queen and members of the purple court, that sought to betrayal the brutal methods of the conquistadors and persuade Spanish officials to protect the Indians. The excerpts in this lesson are from probably the best known of those accounts, A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, published in 1552.
What were the furnishings of his work? While the Pope had granted Spain sovereignty over the New World, de Las Casas argued that the property rights and rights to their ain labor yet belonged to the native peoples. Natives were subjects of the Spanish crown, and to treat them as less than human violated the laws of God, nature, and Spain. He told King Ferdinand that in 1515 scores of natives were being slaughtered past avaricious conquistadors without having been converted. He sought to protect the souls of Spain and the conquistadors against divine retribution for the devastation of the native populations by awakening the moral indignation of Christian men to counter the growing tide of barbarism. Betwixt 1513 and 1543 Spain issued several laws attempting to regulate the encomienda system and protect native populations, but enforcement was haphazard and the subjugation of the native populations was already a fact. Yet, through his self-proclaimed goal of bearing witness to the savagery of the Europeans against the simply civility of the indigenous peoples, de Las Casas became characterized as the conscience of Spanish exploration.
If the immediate impact of his work was marginal, the long-term influence would be substantial. In the passages excerpted hither and throughout A Brief Account, de Las Casas repeatedly asserts that he witnessed the events he is describing and thus bases his argument on the potency of his kickoff-hand testimony. This practice makes his work an early example of empiricism, the idea that arguments and conclusions should be based upon observable fact. Unquestioned today, in the 1500s this was a new concept, for at that fourth dimension people held that the proof of an argument should be based on the estimation of texts rather than the concrete experience of an eye witness.
De Las Casas' book describes events he witnessed on the isle of Hispaniola. As your read these excerpts think nearly what the Indian kingdoms were like when the Spanish arrived. How did the Indians initially respond to the Spanish? How did the Spanish respond to the Indians? How does the fact that de Las Casas was an eyewitness to these events lend authorisation to this account?
Text Analysis
Excerpt ane
Close Reading Questions
1. What did the Spanish do to the Natives?
They enslaved them and took their food.
2. How would you narrate the Castilian treatment of the natives?
It was very trigger-happy. The writer describes the capture equally "bloody slaughter and destruction."
3. How did the Natives come to characterize the Spanish? Why?
The Natives came to believe that the Spanish "had non their Mission from Sky" because the Spanish so cruelly treated the Indians. The Indians saw them as evil.
4. What does this characterization tell us about the original perception of the Natives regarding the Spanish?
They originally perceived them to be from heaven and believed that they had come for positive purposes.
5. How did the Natives respond to the Castilian cruelty?
They hid their food from the Spanish and hid their wives and children in "lurking holes" [caves]. Some of them ran away to the mountains to escape penalization by the Spanish.
6. How did the Natives respond to the Spanish violence against them? What were the results?
The Indians "immediately took up Arms." However, the author describes the native weapons as those that boys play with rather than real weapons. They had very footling consequence.
7. In one case the Spaniards realized that the Indians were resisting, what did they do?
The Spaniards mounted their horses and attacked cities and towns, killing everyone.
eight. What tone does de Las Casas create in this excerpt? How does he create that tone? Cite show from the text.
De Las Casas uses diction (word choice) to create a tone of outrage. He is aroused at the injustices beingness washed to the Natives. He uses phrases such as "the bloody slaughter and destruction of men," "making them slaves, and ill-treating them," "laid violent hands on the Governours," and "practice the encarmine butcheries." De Las Casas conveys immediate physical violence through words like "bloody," "destruction," "tearing," and "butcheries." He conveys short and long-term violence, including the losses of liberty and culture, through words similar "slaves" and "ill-treating."
nine. How does de Las Casas portray the natives in this passage? Cite bear witness from the text.
He portrays them as naïve, innocent children. It apparently took them a while to effigy out that the Spanish were not on a "Mission from Sky." The Indians are essentially defenseless against the Spanish, and when they practise take upwardly arms, their weapons resemble those of boys.
10. How does this portrayal advance de Las Casas'southward argument?
It establishes the vulnerability of the Indians and illustrates why they need the protection of the Spanish rex.
Activity: Vocabulary
Learn definitions by exploring how words are used in context.
In this extract de Las Casas speaks of the beginning of Spanish atrocities on the isle of Hispaniola. Pay attending to how the Spaniards viewed the inhabitants of Hispaniola, to how the Natives originally viewed the Castilian, and to how the Natives' perceptions changed.
(ane) In this Isle, which, as we have said, the Spaniards kickoff attempted, the bloody slaughter and destruction of Men beginning began: for they violently forced away Women and Children to make them Slaves, and ill-treated them, consuming and wasting their Food, which they had purchased with bang-up sweat, toil, and notwithstanding remained dissatisfied also,… (2) and i private Spaniard consumed more than Victuals in one mean solar day, than would serve to maintain Three Families a Month, every 1 consisting of Ten Persons. (3) Now being oppressed by such evil usage, and affected with such greate Torments and trigger-happy Amusement [treatment] they began to sympathise that such Men as those had not their Mission from Heaven; and therefore some of them conceal'd their Provisions and others to their Wives and Children in lurking holes, but some, to avoid the obdurate and dreadful temper of such a Nation, sought their Refuge on the craggy tops of Mountains; for the Spaniards did not but entertain them with Cuffs, Blows, and wicked Cudgelling, but laid violent hands also on the [Taino] Governours of Cities… (4) From which time they began to consider by what wayes and means they might expel the Spaniards out of their Countrey, and immediately took up Artillery. (5) But, skillful God, what Artillery, do you lot imagine? Namely such, both Offensive and Defensive, as resemble Reeds wherewith Boys sport with ane another, more than Manly Artillery and Weapons.
(vi) Which the Spaniards no sooner perceived, but they, mounted on generous Steeds, well weapon'd with Lances and Swords, brainstorm to exercise their bloody Butcheries and Strategems, and overrunning their Cities and Towns, spar'd no Age, or Sex activity….
Map of the islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, 1639
Excerpt ii
Close Reading Questions
11. How many kingdoms were located on the isle of Hispaniola?
Six kingdoms composed the island.
12. Describe the Kingdom of Magua. What does its name mean? How large is it in square miles?
Magua was the proper name, which means "campaign" or "open land." The island was fourscore miles long and an average of nine miles broad, and so the total guess size in foursquare miles was 720 square miles.
13. In what ways does de Las Casas compare Magua with Europe? What is the effect of the comparison?
He states that the kingdom includes high mountains and a number of rivers, including some very large ones which were comparable to those in Europe. By comparing these to specific European waterways he is emphasizing their beauty and transportation value.
fourteen. In this description, what would exist the most of import detail for the Spanish Rex and Queen? Why?
They would be nigh interested in the presence of gold, since it could strengthen their treasury if sent back to Espana.
fifteen. What is the result of de Las Casas providing such a detailed geographic clarification of the kingdom in this excerpt?
Past fully describing the environs the reader understands the geography of Hispaniola. By comparing the rivers with ones in Europe the reader understands the calibration of the kingdom's waterways. The reader can imagine the beauty of the kingdom as a paradise. This contrasts the violence in the previous excerpt and sets upwards some other contrast to the violence in the extract that follows.
sixteen. In extract 1 de Las Casas speaks of Hispaniola overall. In this excerpt he speaks of Magua, a specific kingdom on Hispaniola. What is the consequence of shifting his centre witness account from the overall island to a specific kingdom on the island?
The kickoff excerpt explains the overall violence on the isle. This excerpt describes a specific kingdom in particular. Past describing in detail a kingdom where the violence was located, the violence becomes more personal and less abstruse.
In this excerpt de Las Casas describes 1 of the kingdoms of Hispaniola, Magua, and gives heart witness descriptions of the kingdom's geography. Why would he go into such detail? How does this paradisiacal clarification contrast with the violence of excerpt i?
(7) This Isle of Hispaniola was made up of Six of their greatest Kingdoms, and as many nigh Puissant Kings, to whose Empire nearly all the other Lords, whose Number was infinite, did pay their Allegiance. (8) 1 of these Kingdoms was chosen Magua, signifying a Campaign or open up Country; which is very observable, if any place in the Universe deserves taking notice of, and memorable for the pleasantness of its State of affairs; (ix) for it is extended from South to Due north Eighty Miles, in breadth Five, Viii, and in some parts X Miles in length; and is on all sides inclosed with the highest Mountains; in a higher place Thirty Chiliad Rivers, and Rivulets water her Coasts, Twelve of which prodigious Number exercise not yield in all in magnitude to those famous Rivers, the Eber, Duer, and Guadalquivir*; (ten) and all those Rivers which have their Source or Bound from the Mountains lying Westerly, the number [of rivers] whereof is 20 Yard are very rich in Mines of Gold; on which Mountain lies the Province of rich Mines, whence the exquisite Golden of Twenty Four Caracts* weight, takes denomination [is identified there].
Notes: Guadalquivir is the second longest river in Spain. Duero is the third longest river in the Iberian peninsula. Ebre is the second longest river in the Iberian peninsula. Twenty Four Caracts (karat) gold is pure gilded, containing no other elements.
Excerpt 3
Shut Reading Questions
Activity: Inferences
Examine the conclusions that de Las Casas draws from his observations.
17. Describe Guarionex's kingdom, including its political construction. Why does de Las Casas describe it as he does?
Guarionex was the "King and Lord" of Magua. The organization of this kingdom is detailed in a very similar mode to the medieval kingdoms of Europe, in which vassals and Lords serve the Rex and, when asked, provide him with an army. In Magua each vassal could contribution 16,000 soldiers. This description would be ane with which the Spanish courtroom could place.
eighteen. De Las Casas describes King Guarionex every bit courageous, fifty-fifty tempered, obedient, and moral. What is the effect of this description?
Information technology clearly contrasts King Guarionex with the Spanish conquistadors, who are presented every bit evil. Information technology reminds the Castilian Male monarch and Queen that the conquistadors are brutalizing people who not only would be good Spanish citizens only who are also "moral," that is to say, virtuous people with souls, worthy of conversion and capable of salvation.
nineteen. What human relationship did Male monarch Guarionex have with Kingdom of spain? How did he prove this human relationship?
He was "devoted to the service of the Castilian Kings." He had each of his lords present him with a bell full of golden to give to the Castilian.
20. Why was the rex unable to go along the full measure out of aureate tribute?
His men were not talented miners and and then he cut the amount of gilt offered in one-half.
21. Rather than big gold tributes, what alternative for making money did King Guarionex (the Caiu) offering in sentence sixteen?
He offered his loyalty ("service") to the rex of Kingdom of spain on the condition that he (Guarionex) exist allowed to cultivate lands on which the Castilian originally settled. This would allow for farming and food production.
22. Co-ordinate to de Las Casas, even at a reduced tribute how much gold could the Spanish Rex expect to receive each year?
At to the lowest degree three meg Spanish crowns per year.
23. If the Taino subjects "understood non the practical apply of digging in Aureate Mines," what does that imply about the value of gilded in the Taino culture?
It implies that gold was non that valuable to them, or they would have known how to mine it.
De Las Casas describes the relationship betwixt the Taino and the Spanish. What was that relationship? From this account, how did the Taino value gold?
(11) The Rex and Lord of this Kingdom was named Guarionex, who governed inside the Compass of his Dominions so many Vassals and Potent Lords, that every one of them was able to bring into the Field Sixteen One thousand Soldiers for the service of Guarionex their Supream Lord and Soverain, when summoned thereunto. (12) Some of which I was acquainted with. (xiii) This was a most Obedient Prince, endued with great Backbone and Morality, naturally of a Pacifick Temper, and most devoted to the service of the Castilian* Kings. (14) This Rex allowable and ordered his Subjects, that every one of those Lords under his Jurisdiction, should present him with a Bell full of Golden; (15) but in succeeding times, being unable to perform it, they were commanded to cut it in two, and fill 1 office therewith, for the Inhabitants of this Island were altogether inexperienced, and unskilful in Mine-works, and the earthworks Gold out of them. (16) This Caiu [Guarionex] proferred his Service to the King of Castile, on this Condition, that he [Guarinoex] would take care, that those Lands should be cultivated and manur'd, wherein, during the reign of Isabella, Queen of Castile, the Spaniards kickoff set up footing and fixed their Residence, extending in length even to Santo Domingo, the space of Fifty Miles. (17) For he declar'd (nor was it a Fallacie, but an absolute Truth,) that his Subjects understood not the practical utilise of digging in Gilded Mines. (18) To which promises he had readily and voluntarily condescended, to my own sure knowledge, and then by this means, the King would have received the Annual Revenue of Three Millions of Spanish Crowns, and upward, there being at that very fourth dimension in that Island Fifty Cities more ample and spacious than Sevil it self in Spain.
Note: Castilian – Castilian Castile, even though technically united with Aragon in 1469, retained a separate political identity until 1516.
Excerpt 4
Close Reading Questions
24. How did the Castilian react when King Guarionex reduced the gilded tribute?
I of the Spanish captains raped Guarionex'due south wife.
25. Based on the Spanish reaction, what tin can you infer well-nigh how they view Guarionex, a king? Why?
They practice not consider him a king and practise not respect him. They believe he cannot fight back. They would never do something like this to a European rex.
26. How did King Guarionex respond to the Spanish?
Rather than attacking in revenge he escaped the Castilian and fled to the Province De Los Ciquayos, where one of his Vassals ruled.
27. How did the Spanish answer to Male monarch Guarionex's actions?
They raised war against the king, "laid waste and desolate[d] the whole region," and took the King prisoner. They chained him and loaded him on a ship to send him to Spain.
28. What happened to the ship? How did de Las Casas see this every bit divine (God-given) justice?
The send was sunk at sea, with a loss of many Spaniards and much gilded. De Las Cases saw this as divine justice because he believed God intervened and punished the Castilian because they were guilty of taking Taino gilded and imprisoning their Rex.
29. The Spanish kings considered themselves champions of Christendom during this time, with a special responsibility to spread the Gospel and remain in God's graces. What is the implication of sentence 24, "Thus it pleased God to revenge their enormous impieties?"
By using the ship sinking every bit an example of God-given justice, the implication is that if the Spanish king does not protect the natives, like the conquistadors he will also exist exposed to God'due south wrath.
30. According to de Las Casas what was the truthful motivation of the Spanish explorers?
The Spanish explorers were motivated past "forehandedness and appetite." They wanted to command the Indians and take the Taino lands, including the gold, for themselves.
31. If y'all were a rex or queen of Spain who sent the conquistadors to the New Globe to Christianize natives and send back gilt and silver to Espana, how would you lot respond to the story detailed here by de Las Casas? Why?
Information technology would be enraging. It is obviously treason. De Las Casas clearly states that the Spanish explorers were adamant to "no more or less intentionally, than past all these indirect wayes to disappoint and expel the Kings of Castile out of those Dominions and Territories, that they themselves having usurped the Supreme and Majestic Empire." The conquistadors were trying to crook the King and Queen out of the lands, goods, aureate and others items to be found in Hispaniola and instead take it for themselves. Their actions imperiled Spain's role equally Protector of the Faith and infringed upon the function of the Spanish king as sovereign to the indigenous Americans.
Activity: Review
Review the central points of the textual analysis.
In this excerpt, the Spanish violently answer to the Taino attempt to reduce the gilt tribute. De Las Casas relates God-given justice to the atrocities of the Castilian, and reveals the true motivations of the conquistadors.
(19) Merely what returns by way of Remuneration and Reward did they brand this and so Cloudless and Benign Monarch, tin can you imagine, no other only this? (xx) They put the greatest Indignity upon him imaginable in the person of his Consort who was violated by a Spanish Captain altogether unworthy of the Name of Christian. (21) He might indeed probably expect to meet with a user-friendly fourth dimension and opportunity of revenging this Ingominy then unjuriously thrown upon him by preparing Military Forces to attaque him, only he rather chose to flee in the Province De los Ciquayos (wherein a Puissant Vassal and subject field of his Ruled) devested of his Estate and Kingdom, and there alive and dye an exile. (22) But the Spaniards receiving certain data, that he had absented himself, connived no longer at his Darkening simply raised War confronting him, who had received them with then great humanity and kindness, and having kickoff laid waste and desolate the whole Region, at final found, and took him Prisoner, who being leap in Fetters was convey'd on board of a ship in lodge to his transfretation [transportation] to Castile, every bit a Captive: (23) but the Vessel perished in the Voyage, wherewith many Spaniards were besides lost, besides equally a smashing weight of Gold, amid which in that location was a biggy Ingot of Gold, resembling a large Loaf of Breadstuff, weighing 3600 Crowns; (24) Thus it pleased God to revenge their enormous impieties.
…. (25) The Spaniards commencement set Sail to America, not for the Accolade of God, or as Persons moved and merited thereunto by servent Zeal to the True Religion, nor to promote the Salvation of their Neighbours, nor to serve the Rex, as they falsely boast and pretend to do, but in truth, only stimulated and goaded on past insatiable Avarice and Ambition, that they might for ever Domineer, Command, and Tyrannize over the Due west-Indians, whose Kingdoms they hoped to divide and distribute amongst themselves. (26) Which to deal candidly in no more or less intentionally, than by all these indirect wayes to disappoint and expel the Kings of Castile out of those Dominions and Territories, that they themselves having usurped the Supreme and Regal Empire, might get-go challenge it as their Right, and then possess and enjoy information technology.
Follow-Up Assignment
People in positions of power or influence volition sometimes change negative behaviors if these behaviors are made public. De Las Casas hoped that by making the deportment of the conquistadors well-known he could bring pressure level upon them to change their handling of the Natives. Choose an example from history or electric current events where this principle has been applied, either successfully or unsuccessfully. You might investigate Helen Hunt Jackson (Century of Dishonor), Martin Luther King, Jr. (Montgomery Bus Boycott or other protests), the Arab Spring (2010–2012), issues from local, state, or national politics, or other topics as directed by your teacher.
In what ways did making an action or actions known to the public change the situation? What were the effects of these changes (or lack of changes)? Once yous have finished your research, design a PowerPoint slide, a Prezi, an Animoto, or other technological presentation as directed by your teacher that displays your research. Share your information with your classmates.
Vocabulary Pop-Ups
- victuals: food
- afflicted: causing suffering
- obdurate: stubborn, inflexible
- dreadful: causing fear
- cudgelling: beating
- strategems: mendacious plans
- puissant: powerful
- rivulets: small-scale streams
- prodigious: large
- compass: proper limits
- vassals: subordinate land holders
- potent: mighty; powerful
- endued: endowed
- pacifick: peaceful, at-home
- proferred: offered
- condescended: submitted
- remuneration: pay, advantage
- clement: merciful; pleasant
- benign: gracious, kind
- consort: spouse of a king or queen
- ingominy: public disgrace
- unjuriously: harmfully, offensively
- abscond: go out rapidly and secretly
- devested: taken from
- connived: disregarded
- desolate: destroyed
- fetters: bondage, shackles
- ingot: aureate or silvery brick
- impieties: lack of reverence
- goaded: encouraged
- insatiable: cannot be satisfied
- forehandedness: extreme greed
- candidly: truthfully
- usurped: overthrown
Text:
- de Las Casas, Bartolome. A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies Or, a true-blue NARRATIVE OF THE Horrid and Unexampled Massacres, Butcheries, and all manner of Cruelties, that Hell and Malice could invent, committed by the Popish Castilian Party on the inhabitants of West-Republic of india, TOGETHER With the Devastations of several Kingdoms in America by Fire and Sword, for the infinite of 40 and Ii Years, from the time of its first Discovery by them. Projection Gutenberg, 2007. [http://www.gutenberg.org/enshroud/epub/20321/pg20321.html]
Images:
- "Fray Bartholomew de Las Casas," from the portrait drawn and engraved by Enguidanos. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/23466/23466-h/23466-h.html#fig1 [accessed March, 2015]
- Joan Vinckeboons, "Map of the islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico," c. 1639. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Partitioning. http://www.loc.gov/item/2003623402/ [accessed March, 2015]
- Histoire Naturelle des Indes, Illustrated manuscript. ca. 1586. Heritance of Clara S. Peck, 1983 MA 3900 (fol. 11v–12) The Morgan Library and Museum, New York. http://www.themorgan.org/collection/Histoire-Naturelle-des-Indes/98 [accessed March, 2015]
Source: https://americainclass.org/de-las-casas-and-the-conquistadors/
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